DEDICATED
To those who sleep on Kansas hill-sides,
Beneath stained and crumbling stone-
To those who died out on the prairies,
Their graves unmarked, forgotten, or unknown
Those who walked the hard, rough pathways
Until their strength and life did fail,
And left to us who've followed
A safer, smoother trail.

KANSAS

When God made the Earth, people say,
He didn't start Kansas till late Saturday;
Then He took up rocks, shale, and sand,
And threw them about with a lavish hand;
All kinds of soil, reds, yellows, and blacks,
He scattered about to fill up the cracks.

An inland sea covered too much space,
So He tipped up the World, and dried out the place;
He threw in some salt and volcanic ash,
Just as a good cook seasons her hash;
He put in coal and plenty of oil,
And all being finished He ceased his toil.

Long ages afterward settlers came,
English, German, Russian, and Dane,
Each in his own way tilling the soil,
Earning his living by honest toil;
Building better, perhaps, than he knew-
Kansas and Kansans, we're proud of you!

INDIAN SONG

Lone-wolf is standing high upon the hill-top,
I hear his cry! I hear his cry!
He lifts his voice up to the shining Moon-god,
And so do I! And so do I!
Strange fires are blazing far along the river,
He sees them there! He sees them there!
Strange odors make his nostrils all a-quiver,
He sniffs the air! He sniffs the air!

Westward, Westward, see him take his way!
Westward, Westward, the Moon-god lights his way,
The Moon-god lights his way, The Moon-god lights his way,-his way;
Westward will he go, ???-he F/- Where roams the buffalo.

Eagle-bird is sitting in the highest tree-top,
The dawn is nigh! The dawn is nigh!
He waits to greet the coming of the Sun-God,
And so do I! And so do I!
The white men's boat runs up and down the river,
Its breath is flame! It's breath is flame!

Its snorting makes the woodland all a-quiver,
It scares the game! It scares the game!
Westward, Westward, we go at dawn of day!
The Sun-god lights our way,-our way;
Westward will we go, we go -
Where roams the buffalo.

(Sung to the tune of "Funiculi Funicula")

THE KANSAS-NEBRASKA BILL

How often those who make our laws
Are swayed by some unworthy cause,
For party gain or personal spite
Makes right seem wrong and wrong seem right;
Grand events that rend or crush a nation
Oft' come from faulty legislation.

When Congress met in Eighteen-fifty-three,
The leading issue was slavery,
And months were spent in fierce debate
Ere laws were passed to form our State,
Then all was left to the "people's will"
By passing the "Squatter Sovereign Bill."

Some deemed the measure "just and fair,"
Some did not know, some did not care,
But to each it was a compromise,
A thing all honest folks despise;
And before it really left their hands???,:
Trouble started on the Kansas lands.

By steamboat and wagon train,
From North and South, settlers came
Into Missouri, like armies of invasion
Ready to fight at the least occasion;
Giving small heed to "law and order,"
Hurrying on to the Kansas Border.

Many settlements were made,
Before the land had been surveyed.
Claims were staked, though at the time
No one knew the boundary line;
Disputes arose, and unkind Fate
Stirred the flames of ???greed and hate.

Thus, "Bleeding Kansas" got its name,
Thus, Douglas won unenvied fame,
And our severed Country bowed before
The awful curse of Civil War,
While North and South in life-blood paid
For the two-way law Congress made.

KANSAS PIONEER WOMEN

Written for Mrs. ???Mary Coleman Topping
Seventy-fifth Anniversary of Lawrence

I have been asked to tell you, my dears,
A simple story of the pioneers
This week you will hear, again and again,
Of the glorious deeds of our valorous men,
But the picture I will present to you
Is of some of the trials the women went through.
It was not with the hope of glory or gain
That our fathers and mothers to Kansas came
With the ideals they had and sacrifices made
They came more in the spirit of a Crusade,
And their one big thought ever seemed to be
That Kansas should come into the Union "Free."
From our most famous section of learning they came,
Those people who made up that emigrant train.
Now these men and women I'm telling you true
Came from families whose blood was the bluest of blue;
Their homes bespoke plenty, and of natures refined
And they well represented the best of their time.
So the men formed a company with speeches and song
With the purpose of helping the "Free State Cause" along.
???Asiasm ran high for the Free State volunteers,
And ???they left on their journey with blessings and cheers;
Yet what lay before them not one of them guessed,
Nor dreamed how unsuited they were to "Go West."
They could translate Caesar or talk points in law,
But they couldn't do much with a hammer and saw,
And the houses they built, for those wives from the East
We would now think unfit to shelter a beast;
And if you want to know how real hunger feels,
Just try to live on a few high ideals.
Our claim was located out south-west of town
In a lonely spot with low hills all around.
There was a tiny stream at the foot of the hill
Where our family and cattle both drank at will.
Though Father viewed his farm with greatest pride,
Poor Mother was home-sick, and cried and cried.
Our cabin was built of rocks from the hill,
Laid stone upon stone without mortar to fill.
The roof was of canvas, our beds prairie-hay,
And our family lived there in a ???primitive way.
Mother told me that when Brother Will came
The snow drifted in on her old counterpane.
Indians quite often came roaming around,
They were always begging in country or town;
They would walk right in and by speech and sign
Ask for food or whatever they chanced to find;
We, ourselves, had so little on which to live,
Yet what they asked for, were afraid not to give.
One day Mother was cutting some meat,
When she heard the light ???pad of moccasined feet,
She hid the meat quickly beneath the folds of her dress,
And for once refused the Indian's request;
Though his sharp eyes had seen it, he went away,
So, you see, there were "good" Indians in that early day.
Mother brought with her a coffee-mill,
I have it over at my house still,
In it she ground corn and wheat
To make all the bread we had to eat;
And often enough neighbors came
To borrow our mill to grind their grain.
Oh, the tortures we suffered from hunger and cold
Are parts of the story that can never be told,
But with all of that Fate had worse in store
When the men got mixed up in the Border War;
They would have to hide out for weeks at a time,
For the Raiders shot every man they could find.
"Bleeding Kansas" was much more than a name
To those women and children who "held down the claim."
Yes, they held down the claims, with Death stalking near,
Ever ready to rob them of those they held dear,
And many a night when flames lit the sky
We knew the ???"Grim Reaper" was just passing by.
I am glad for those who lived to see
Kansas come into the Union, "Free."
I am glad for those who have felt with pride
That their faith in "Right" was justified;
And for the churches and schools that have grown and flourished
From the seeds of the Ideals they brought and nourished.

fairer land I never saw, Than the fertile valley of the Kaw, With the silvery river that flows between Its fringing banks of emerald green. And fair, indeed, were the flowers of May As I saw them there on that bright day, When first I stood on Mt. Oread's crest, And viewed the landscape east and west.

But anxious hearts were in our town, For Border Ruffians were ranging around, And Pro-slavery men with their Bogus laws Were making trouble for the Free-State cause; And Congress and the President, then Both wished to crush the Free-State men. So the days went by in that sad state, While we could only hope and wait.

When morning came on that fatal day In Fifty-six, the Twenty-first of May, We saw the camps on Oread's height Of armed forces that had come in the night. The officers came to the Free-State Hotels, And my father, and the rest, received them well; A dinner was served them of our best, And each man was treated as an honored guest.

As we anxiously waited in our sitting-room, It was three, I think, in the afternoon, The Bell-boy came in and struck this bell: "You have an hour and forty minutes to leave the hotel!" Those words still seem to ring in my ears; Again I feel numb with horror and fears. I was weak and sick, and they carried me out Where those awful ruffians were running about.

Four cannons were trained upon the hotel, And thirty-two shots, I've heard them tell, Were fired; but the stout walls stood, So they went inside, and set fire to the wood. From room to room the fierce flames ran, And so finished the work they began. This call-bell is all that is left to tell The tragic story of the Free-State Hotel.

II

Those who now dwell in this fair land Can scarce believe or understand The trials of those early years, And what they cost the pioneers. After the fire my father was sent With a Memorial to the President, And President Pierce did all he could do To avoid permitting an interview.

But finding that father persisted still, The President received him, though against his will; And meeting him in angry mood Threw down the Memorial with actions rude, While his words came bursting forth like flame, Holding the Free-State men to blame For rebellion, treason, and every vile cause, With no right to protection from Government Laws.

When, at last, his ire seemed spent, Father asked to speak, and pained consent; And told his story, straight and true, As one who spoke of things he knew. The President, listening in pained surprise, Oft' wiped the tear-drops from his eyes, And bowed his head in remorse and shame For crimes committed in the Government's name.

He vowed Governor Shannon should be superseded- Said a man like John Geary was needed; And he talked to father "as man to man," Trying to devise a satisfactory plan. Father, confident all would be well, Bought the site of the Free-State Hotel, And returning home after much delay Was forced to come through Iowa.

Word reached the East that the Kansas Borders Was the scene of much suffering and disorder. Fear was expressed that with slight occasion The movement might turn to armed invasion; So father was sent with money and supplies, Though his chief duty was to restrain and advise; When he came into Kansas he brought along A company two-hundred-and-fifty strong.

From Missouri Ruffians and Kickapoo Rangers; And of the terror we suffered on the way, When returning to Lawrence one August day.

Governor Geary reached Kansas the Ninth of September, A date our people should always remember, For, taking the situation firmly in hand, He established Peace in our troubled land; And Father was very busy then Helping to build "A Wall of Men"- Going, frequently, back and forth Bringing new settlers in from the North.

III

Then to Lawrence, in many ways, Came the dawn of brighter days; The town was humming with enterprise- Stores were opened, though they lacked supplies; Business of all kinds was doing well, And Father began building the Eldridge Hotel, While, as with New England settlers is the rule, Attention was turned to churches and school.

By the good people of Boston, and the Emigrant Aid, Provision for our first public school was made. The basement of the Unitarian church, they agreed, To equip with all a first class school would need; Josiah Quincy, I've always thought, Paid for all the books they bought; That, I think, is how it came That "Quincy High School" was its name.

April First, in 1857, we were told to meet At the Emigrant Aid's office on Massachusetts street; Our teachers, Mr. Edwards and Miss Wilder were there. It was a lovely morning, warm and fair, And as we marched to school escorted by the band, No happier children were in this land, For, so long had been our enforced vacation, We were thrilled at the thought of an education.

The school was called to order by ringing this bell Mr. Edwards had carried it from the burning hotel, And Mother gave it to him as a souvenir; So it stood on his desk throughout the year, Calling the children from their play, And dismissing them at close of day; In later years as you may see, Mr. Edwards gave the bell to me.

* * *

RETALIATION

* * *

LANE'S ARMY OF THE NORTH

When we moved to Lawrence my father, who was a Union veteran and a man especially well-informed in all matters concerning the Civil War, remarked, that the war really started in Lawrence. He told of the organization of the Emigrant Aid Society at Boston for the purpose of promoting and assisting Free State emigration to Kansas, of the settlement of Lawrence by people from Massachusetts, of difficulties with Pro-slavery Missourians and the National Government, which resulted in the destruction of printing-presses, the burning of the Free-State Hotel, and the arrest of prominent men, which brought on the conflict known as the Border War, but I did not realize, at the time, that he knew of these people and events in a personal way.

During the preparations for the celebration of the Seventy-fifth Anniversary of the Settlement of Lawrence, I was asked to help write a Historical Pageant for the Unitarian Church, and in doing so I learned much of the history of the town and its settlers.

Since then I have read many books and by making comparison I found that my father did know, personally, some of those who planned the town and others who came as pioneers.

Boston was the home town of his family. His parents and grandparents were members of the First Unitarian Church of that city and he invariably spent his vacations there, staying with a great-aunt whose husband was one of the oldest Unitarian ministers in the United States. That he was at their home during the summer of 1856, I am certain, and he must have heard them tell many times how, on the 27th day of May, as the Reverend WIr.(???) Nute(???) of Lawrence, Kansas, who was in Boston attending the Thirty-first Anniversary of the Unitarian Association in America, stepped upon the rostrum of Bedford Street Church, he was handed a telegram telling of the destruction of Lawrence by Sheriff Jones.

I remember hearing my father tell, when I was a child, of them taking up a collection of silver in the Church at Boston and putting the coin in the molten metal before a bell was cast. I know now that the bell was sent to the Unitarian Church at Lawrence and it was Mrs. William Sears' cousin, David McGilvary, who carried the bag of silver to the foundry. The Old Stone Church in Lawrence is gone, but the Bell still serves to call children to school and people sometimes pause to listen and remark about the beauty of its tone.

In Lawrence every plot of ground has its tragic story; the foundations are laid upon the ashes of ruined homes, lost fortunes, and martyred dead.

I have tried to take up the broken, tangled threads of local history and restore something of the pattern of 1854-1864; and that these stories are told without prejudice or bias, I believe the most careful research will prove. Nor is it my object to censure, unduly, the Pro-slavery citizens of Missouri or the National Administration, but rather to call attention to the fact that there is nothing so dangerous to the Peace of a Nation as bad laws well enforced.

Yes, the Civil War really did begin in Lawrence!

Lawrence's Birthday in October 1928(???): Lawrence held a "Diamond Jubilee" in honor of the city's 75th birthday, with a three-day celebration.

The first New England Emigrant Aid party, consisting of twenty-nine men, walked from Westport, Missouri and reached the "Hill" at noon August 1, 1854. This they named Mount Oread for Eli Thayer's Mount Oread Seminary in Massachusetts. Other parties came during the month of September, but it was not until October 6th that, at the suggestion of Dr. Robinson, the new town was named Lawrence in honor of Amos A. Lawrence, treasurer of the New England Aid Company.

"Kansas," was written as a Kansas Day recitation for Mrs. J. R. Topping.

"Indian Song," was written for the 75th Anniversary. Indians were still living on the reservations in Eastern Kansas when the territory was opened for settlement. They were civilized tribes and many individuals, by wise council and heroic deeds, won an honored place in Lawrence history.

"The Kansas Nebraska Bill" The bill was introduced into the United States Senate January 23, 1854 by Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois. Senator David R. Atchison of Missouri was wont to boast: "I told Douglas to introduce it. I originated it. I got Pierce committed to it, all the glory belongs to me."

It is true, that in the autumn before Congress met, meetings were held in the western counties of Missouri and with Atchison presiding at Weston, the following was adopted: "Resolved, That if the Territory shall be opened to settlement, we pledge ourselves, to each other, to extend the institutions of Missouri over the Territory at whatever sacrifice of blood and treasure."

June 10, 1854 at a meeting at Parkville- "Resolved, That we recognize the institution of slavery as already existing in the Territory, and recommend slave-holders to introduce their property as fast as possible."

"Resolved, That we afford protection to no Abolitionist as a settler in Kansas Territory."

"Kansas Pioneer Women" was written for Mrs. J. R. (Mary Coleman) Topping at the time of the 75th Anniversary of Lawrence and was spoken by her on many occasions; the last time being at Topeka, January 29, 1938, before the Women's Kansas Day Club.

Her parents, Mr. and Mrs. E. A. Coleman came from Massachusetts with the Emigrant Aid party which reached Lawrence October 9, 1854, little Mary Augusta being about thirteen months old at the time. Their family is not related to the Franklin M. Coleman of Virginia who murdered Charles Dow.

1. Mrs. Coleman, before her marriage, was a Wendell, a cousin of Oliver Wendell Holmes.

2. At a meeting in the State House at Boston, May 14, 1854, Eli Thayer drew up a charter for the Massachusetts Emigrant Aid Company with capital stock not to exceed $5,000,000.

3. J. G. Whittier wrote the Emigrant Hymn and four musicians, Joseph and Forrest Savage and N. and A. Hazen came with this party. They brought their instruments and played enroute.

At the time of the siege of Lawrence, during the Wakarusa War, Mr. Coleman was on the staff of Dr. Robinson, the "Commander-in-chief," and he made the acquaintance of John Brown.

Much to the chagrin of his wife, Mr. Coleman had shipped a heavy grindstone from Massachusetts and when John Brown first appeared in Lawrence he brought his broad-swords to help arm the defenders, and about the first thing he wanted was a grind-stone. There are two excellent articles by Mr. E. A. Coleman in Sanborn's Life and Letters of John Brown.

"The Murder of Charles Dow" was the event, not in itself so important, but from which, step by step, the trouble in Kansas grew until the whole Nation was involved.

1. Hickory Point is in the south part of Douglas County at the Junction of the Santa Fe and Old California trails. The towns of Lousiana??? and Brooklyn were laid out, but did not long survive. Pro-slavery and Free-State settlers in the vicinity numbered about the same.

2. William McKinney's quarter section was just west of Coleman's, and he was a Pro-Slavery man.

3. Dow's body was, in time, removed to the Baldwin cemetery. The date of death on the tomb stone is said to be incorrect. Dow's father and family came and took over the claim and later sold it to George W. Hastie. Branson sold his claim to Joseph Eberhart.

"The Arrest and Rescue of Branson" followed quickly the murder of Dow.

1. Andrew H. Reeder, a Pennsylvania lawyer, appointed by President Pierce as First Kansas Territorial Governor, reached Fort Leavenworth in October, 1854. A delegate to Congress was elected November 29, and a large number of Missourians came in and voted, electing the Pro-slavery candidate. In February 1855, Governor Reeder caused the first census to be taken. It showed a population of 8,601 persons were??? 2,905 voters. At the election on March 20th, 5,000 Missourians invaded the territory, voted and went back to Missouri. Reputable men took part in this invasion.

2. Samuel J. Jones, postmaster at Westport, Missouri and son-in-law of Colonel A. G. Boone, was prominent among the voters at Bloomington, an Illinois settlement twelve miles southwest of Lawrence. He was appointed sheriff of Douglas County.

3. Blanton had a toll bridge across the Wakarusa, four miles south of Lawrence.

4. The Branson cabin was removed to Green's Lake at Lawrence November 1938 and, as nearly as possible, has been restored.

5. Abbott's house was about a mile south of Blanton's bridge. There were 23 men waiting to rescue Branson and the Sheriff's posse was said to number 15.

6. Branson came over and dismounted. Samuel N. Wood asked him if it was his mule. Branson said it was not-Wood gave the mule a kick and said: "Go back to your master, d--n you !"

7. Jones said he was Sheriff of Douglas County with a warrant for Branson and must serve it. Wood said he was Branson's attorney and asked to examine the warrant. Jones refused to show it.

8. After fifty days at Fort Leavenworth, Governor Reeder removed the seat of government to Shawnee Mission, one mile from the Missouri line and two and one-half from Westport, Missouri. It was here the Bogus Legislature met and enacted their infamous code of laws, and it was here Wilson Shannon, the second Territorial Governor, came.

9. The United States Arsenal, which was situated on a hill about three and one-half miles south of Liberty, Missouri, was raided by one hundred Missourians and arms and ammunition were appropriated to arm those who were going to Kansas in answer to Sheriff Jones' call for help. A list of munitions taken included three brass field-pieces, sixty-seven sabers, one hundred dragoon pistols, fifty-five rifles and a large amount of ammunition.

After Shannon's Treaty of Peace most of the arms were returned to the arsenal. There was a shortage of about $400 worth of material probably ammunition. Jefferson Davis, the Secretary of War, made no protest about this unlawful seizure, but John Brown, who was at Lawrence helping the defenders, gained an idea that was to lead to his Raid on the U. S. Arsenal at Harper's Ferry.

"The Wakarusa war."

1. Franklin was a Pro-slavery town four miles southeast of Lawrence It was the first stage coach stop on the California Road out of Westport and was near Blue Jacket's Crossing of the Wakarusa.

2. Hugh Cameron came to Lawrence with the first party of emigrants sent out by the Emigrant Aid Company.

3. Sheriff Jones had a blank commission for Justice of the Peace, and induced Cameron to take the office, and Cameron made out the warrant for Branson's arrest. He lived at what is now known as Cameron's Bluff on the Kaw, three miles north of Lawrence and served in the Civil War as Captain of Company F Second Kansas and later as lieutenant colonel.

* In later years Cameron became a recluse and lived in Lawrence in a house built in a tree. He was called the "Kansas Hermit."

4. The shell fired from the cannon by Senator David R. Atchison of Missouri was found twenty years afterward, and is now in the possession of Samuel Elliott. It is said to have been the only shell fired, the others being round balls.

Lecompton was chosen as permanent capital, and the second Territorial Legislature met there January 12, 1857. Lecompton is on the Kaw or Kansas River about half way between Lawrence and Topeka.

"Reminiscences' was written for Mrs. O. E. Learnard, oldest daughter of Shalor W. Eldridge. The first part, about the Call-Bell, was used as a recitation by her grand-daughter, Mickey Learnard, and the story of the first public school was from an article Mrs. Learnard wrote for her grand-daughter, Mary Learnard, to read at the Pageant at the Unitarian Church. The rest of the story is from "Recollections of Early Days in Kansas by Shalor Winchell Eldridge" publication of the Kansas Historical Society. "Reminiscences" was approved by Mrs. Learnard before her death in 1932.

1. When the first party of Massachusetts emigrants came, Mr. S. C Pomeroy remained in Kansas City and purchased the Union Hotel (now old Gillis House) to use as a stopping place for the New England Emigrant Aid Company's settlers. He induced his old boyhood friend Shalor Eldridge, to come west and take charge of the hotel. The family spent the winter in Kansas City, then Mr. Eldridge leased the Free-State Hotel which was being constructed at Lawrence, and brought his family during the first part of May.

2. The Hotel was not yet open to the public, but the Emigrant Aid Company had its offices there and besides the Eldridge family, Charles L. Edwards, General Pomeroy, and S. N. Simpson were staying there.

Quoted from Mrs. O. E. Learnard's story on page 89 of Publications of the Kansas Historical Society, 1920, Volume II

"The day before the hotel was destroyed a party of us were out for a ride, and this ride left an impression with me which will never be effaced. The country all around was very beautiful and the view from the hill west of town was unsurpassed to our eyes-the lovely wild flowers, many and of infinite variety, such as had never been my delight to see. And on the point of the hill was the foundation for the old Unitarian church, in which in after years I attended school, and which later on became my church home."

3. A chair from the furniture of the hotel has been added to the collection in the Lawrence Room of Watson Library to which Mrs. Learnard gave the Call-Bell.

4. Quoted from Publications of the Kansas Historical Society, 1920, Volume II, page 63:

"Asking the privilege of replying, which he readily granted, I submitted my claims for consideration. Personally, I was a Democrat, I had voted for him for president; my father, also a Democrat, had voted for him, as had my ten uncles and four brothers, all Democrats; and some of them were now victims, as well as myself, of these outrages. But such Democracy as his appointees in Kansas were inflicting upon us we could not bear."
. . "From the first the President seemed deeply interested in my story, and before it was completed his eyes moistened and tears began to trickle down the face that at first had been so stern and indignant."

5. About 600 settlers were camped near Nebraska City. Dr. Howe of Boston and Thaddeus Hyatt of New York City of the National Kansas Committee were there and the emigrants came in under Eldridge and Colonel Dickey. At their first camp after crossing the hne??? a settlement called Plymouth was made, and a little farther Lexington, and third at Holton. They reached the Kaw at the present site of Topeka, and among the settlers who stopped there was Edmund G. Ross who was destined to finish J. H. Lane's term as U. S. Senator and, like him, lose political prestige by supporting Andrew Johnson.

# * #???

"Retaliation"-up to the time of the destruction of Lawrence by Sheriff Jones the Free-State men had been on the defensive, but with the United States Government supporting the enforcement of the Bogus Laws they changed their tactics and defied the Administration from every angle. The Campaign year gave them an advantage they used to the utter-most.

Lane and Reeder addressed a great meeting of 10,000 persons assembled in the court house square at Chicago, May 31, 1856.

"Lane's Army of the North."

1. Lane was elected in Indiana to serve in the 32nd Congress and was induced by Douglass to vote for the Kansas-Nebraska Bill.

2. He was a Colonel of the 3rd Regiment, Indiana Volunteers, and distinguished himself as a capable officer at the Battle of Buena Vista. Returning to Indiana he raised the 5th Regiment of Indiana Volunteers and was elected Colonel. He was made provost marshal of the City of Mexico after its capture by American forces and performed his duties so well that the ladies presented him with a flag-black broadcloth with the arms of Mexico embroidered in yellow silk. Border Ruffians called it "Lane's Black Flag." It and the sword, presented by his regiment, were taken from his house in Lawrence by Quantrill's men. They dropped the scabbard of the sword, and it is now in the Lawrence Room in the Watson Library.

3. He said he had made more than one-hundred speeches advocating Pierce's election and had, as elector at large, cast the vote of the State of Indiana for him.

4. He was admitted to the Bar, and practiced in partnership with his father, who was a lawyer and politician serving in the Indiana Legislature and U. S. Congress. James H. Lane also served in the Indiana Legislature and a term as Lieutenant Governor before he was elected to Congress.

5. July 27, 1855, Lane and others held a meeting in Lawrence in the interest of the National Democratic Party. Their resolutions endorsed the Kansas-Nebraska Bill, but condemned the illegal votes by outsiders. This met with no support from the party in Kansas and Lane met with the Free-State men in Lawrence for the first time August 15, 1855. Seeing they did not have confidence in him, he called a meeting and made a speech which left no doubt of where he stood. "Kansas City Times": "He crossed with a leap the Rubicon of radical politics and burned all his bridges behind him."

6. The Grand-jury at Lecompton returned indictments for high treason against Reeder, Robinson, Lane, George Brown, Deitzler, George Smith, Samuel Wood, and Gaius Jenkins. Also the Free-State Hotel and two Free-State Newspapers.

7. John Armstrong and Colonel John Ritchie.

8. Jefferson Davis was a West Point graduate and had seen service in the Northwest Territory and the Blackhawk War. He was in the Battle of Buena Vista and his Mississippi troops were hard pressed when Lane with the 3rd Regiment Indiana Volunteers came to the relief of the Illinois and Kentucky Volunteers and turned the tide of battle.

Jefferson Davis became President of the Confederate States.

9. General Taylor, who was Jefferson Davis' father-in-law, said in his report that Lane had acted "creditably" and threw the honors to Davis; for this the Indiana veterans, among them General Lew Wallace, would not support Taylor for President in 1848 and later protested Davis having a place in Pierce's Cabinet.

10. There were about 600 gathered at Nebraska City waiting to come in. General Persifer F. Smith had replaced General Sumner at Fort Leavenworth. A messenger was sent to him asking safe conduct and they would come in without arms. General Smith refused to have anything to do with them, and is reported to have said: "I would hang every one of you d-d abolitionists as high as Haman??? if I had the say so in this business." He intended to intercept them and had dragoons patrol the road, but they came in much farther west on the new trail.

11. "Walker, if you say the people don't want me, it's all right, I'll blow my brains out. I can never go back to the states and look the people in the face and tell them that as soon as I got these Kansas friends of mine fairly into danger I had to abandon them, I can't do it."

12. The party went into camp 12 miles south of Nebraska City. Walker had fifteen men, but others, including John Brown's party, brought the number up to thirty.

13. They got food, the first they had since leaving Nebraska City, and secured fresh horses, in Topeka. "It was raining hard, streams were flooded, and the night dark." Walker was left at his home seven miles west of Lawrence and Stratton came on two miles farther and had to give up. Lane reached Lawrence, alone, August 11, 1856, at three A. M. having ridden 150 miles in thirty hours.

14. Lane was not in actual command of the men who captured Franklin. They were in line and well on their way before he joined them, but his qualities of leadership inspired them.

15. "Sacremento," the six-pounder taken from Lawrence by Sheriff Jones, was in the blockhouse at Franklin and was taken by Captain Thomas Bickerton's artillery company. They wanted the cannon to use in an attack on Fort Titus, a well fortified and garrisoned stronghold, a short distance south of Lecompton. They put the cannon on its carriage and brought it to Lawrence. A pattern for a ball was made, and type from G. W. Brown's printing press was used to make the balls.

At sunrise, August 16, 1856, fifty men under Captains Samuel Walker, Joel Grover, and Shombre, a young man who had just arrived with the Eldridge party, rushed Fort Titus. Eighteen men were wounded and Shombre was killed when Captain Bickerton arrived with reinforcements and his cannon. At the first shot he cried, "This is the second edition of the 'Herald of Freedom.' "

16. It is said that Dr. Robinson, Jim Lane, and John Brown were requested to leave Kansas. Governor Geary made Colonel Samuel Walker, a free-state leader, captain of militia, and Colonel Titus, the aggressive pro-slavery man, special aide on the Governor's staff with rank of Colonel.

17. The Bogus Legislature, Judge LeCompte, and practically all the Pro-slavery officers at Lecompton worked against him. Sheriff Jones resigned because Governor Geary would not order one hundred ball-and-chains to put on the "treason prisoners." Sherrard, a worse man, was put into office. Sherrard made several attempts to assassinate the governor and even spit on him. Governor Geary made his way to Walker's house and was escorted safety to Kansas City.

"John Brown's Footsteps in Kansas."

1. John Brown sincerely believed he was pre-destined to end slavery in the United States, and who can say he was not?

2. When he was twelve years old (during the war of 1812) he drove some cattle more than a hundred miles and delivered them to a "gentlemanly landlord" who treated him with great consideration. "But the man owned a very intelligent colored boy of about John's age whom John saw beaten and abused though he could see no fault in him."

3. Slavery was abolished in Canada in 1803.

4. At about this time (1839) John Brown's ideas changed from nonresistant to militant. Probably influenced by an intensive study of the "Life of Cromwell." He named a son "Oliver."

5. A colored preacher, Mr. Fayette, was there and also took the oath.

6. Owen, Frederick and Salmon left Ohio in October 1854 with eleven head of fine cattle and three horses. They wintered in Illinois and reached the Territory April 20, 1855. Jason and John Jr. with their families came by steamboat and arrived at Osawatomie May 7, 1855.

7. During the summer of 1855 there were six conventions in Lawrence, one at Big Springs September 5, and two at Topeka where a State Constitution was framed and ratified in December. State Officers were elected in January and inaugurated March 4th, 1856. John Brown Jr. was elected a member of this legislature. The election and inauguration of these officers was the cause of the indictments for "high treason."

8. John Brown raised sheep when he lived in Ohio. He was an expert wool-grader.

9. Jason's four year old son died with cholera and the boat tied up with a broken rudder at Waverly, Missouri so the family went ashore and buried the child. Repairs were made and the boat steamed on leaving the family to finish their journey over-land.

10. When they reached Kansas they had sixty cents in money between them.

11. They were in a one-horse wagon which also contained their supplies and extra weapons, including the old broad-swords. At the front of the wagon stood a staff from which floated an American flag.

12. When Governor Shannon was taken upstairs he was led through the room where the corpse of Thomas Barber lay, and where the young wife, who had just been brought in, was lamenting bitterly. Shannon was shocked and knowing his weakness they gave him liquor.

13. The meeting was held to discuss what to do about paying taxes levied by the Bogus Legislature.

14. Court was held at "Dutch Henry's Crossing" where the Old California Trail crossed Pottawatomie Creek.

15. Major Jefferson Buford of South Carolina brought a regiment of men recruited in, and financed by, the Southern States. They reached Westport in April and were sent to strategic points in the Territory.

16. He was independent of the company, but, whenever there was trouble he would, to use his own expression, "hover around."

17. Morse died from injuries and shock.

18. Palmyra was twelve miles southeast of Lawrence where Baldwin is now situated. Prairie City was about two miles southwest of Palmyra, near the claim of Captain Shore.

19. Brown took four of his sons, Owen, Frederick, Salmon and Oliver and his son-in-law, Henry Thompson. Townley took his gray team and hauled the party in his wagon. Weiner, an Austrian, rode his own pony.

20. John Jr. and Jason ground the swords, and a boy, Bain Fuller, turned the grindstone.

21. The only telegraph station in Kansas was at Leavenworth. Gardner brought word of the attack on Senator Sumner, carrying the message in his boot.

22. This ravine was about a mile from "Dutch Henry's Crossing."

23. Doyle was appointed Constable and his two sons deputies to serve the warrants issued by Judge Cato on the Free-State men. Wilkinson was a member of the Bogus Legislature and "Dutch Bill" Sherman was considered a dangerous man especially when drunk. He had attacked Weiner in his own store and had threatened Mary Grant.

24. "Dutch Henry" Sherman had worked for Ottawa (Tauy) ??? Jones, the "Good Indian," when he first came to the territory, and he acted as guide for a detachment of Border Ruffians, after the sacking of Osawatomie. Jones escaped into the cornfield, but his house, a very fine double log structure, was burned.

25. Why men, knowing his intentions, cheered his departure and would not speak to him on his return has puzzled historians. In killing the men with the broad-swords the bodies were mutilated. Brown and his men also took some of Dutch Henry's horses.

26. A mob was ready to hang Jason when Judge Jacobs accompanied by Judge Cato came and showed him a paper, asking him in whose writing it was. "My Father's," Jason replied. "Is John Brown your father?" they asked, and when Jacobs assured them he was, Jacobs caused his release and took him to his house where he was well treated. The letter probably contained a threat from John Brown.

27. The flesh turned black and was swollen so that the rope was covered. He was chained by each ankle with ox-cart chains to the center-pole of the guard-tent. In after years he called his scars his "slave bracelets."

28. Captain Henry Clay Pate was called the "Fighting Correspondent of the St. Louis, Missouri Republican." He was at the Sack of Lawrence.

29. Frederick Brown and three others were left to guard the horses. Some of Pate's men tried to escape and John Brown gave orders to shoot their horses. Frederick became excited and, mounting Jason's colt, Ned Scarlet, charged down the Santa Fe Trail, yelling that they had them surrounded. Pate, then, sent the flag of truce. After the surrender Major Abbott came with the Lawrence "Stubs." W. A. Phillips, correspondent of the "New York Tribune" was with Frederick Brown at the Battle of Black Jack that day.

30. There were several wounded men on both sides, among them Salmon Brown and Henry Thompson.

31. Colonel Sumner was surprised to find General Whitfield, member of Congress, and General Coffee, of the Militia, at the head of two hundred and fifty Border Ruffians. He read them orders to disperse, but after his army had gone they sacked Osawatomie.

32. Rings were taken from women's fingers, and clothes from women and children. A writer said: "They ought to have had a petticoat apiece as trophies."

33. Captain Pate and Lieutenant Brockett were to have been exchanged for John Brown Jr. and Jason Brown. Colonel Sumner did not compel the Pro-slavery men to release their prisoners.

34. The column halted in front of Adair's cabin to search for John Brown. Mrs. Adair, "Aunt Florilla," a half-sister of John Brown, came out and gave the prisoners food and Lieutenant Iverson, the officer in charge, a "good talking to."

35. This was W. A. Phillips, correspondent for the "New York Tribune." Many who came to Kansas were called by military titles for no good reason.

36. Big Springs was eleven miles east of Topeka on the California Road.

37. Captain Pate had an article published in the "Tribune," June 13, giving his version of the "Battle of Black Jack Point." Brown had prepared a reply to the article and it appeared in the "Tribune," July ???

38. They had an ox-team and covered wagon. His sons Oliver, Jason, Salmon and Owen, his son-in-law, Henry Thompson, and Lucius Mills were in the wagon.

39. As Shannon went down the Missouri River, Geary was coming up. The boats met at Glasgow and the Governors had a talk; Shannon excited, nervous and afraid, Geary calm and confident.

40. This was called the Lane Trail.

41. Colonel John W. Reid, with two hundred and fifty men, reported they had killed thirty men, destroyed all ammunition and provisions, and the boys would burn the town to the ground, "I could not help it."

42. On a bank above the river (Marais des Cygnes) John Brown and Jason watched the flames of burning Osawatomie. "God sees it," Brown cried, with tears running down his face. "I have only a short time to live-only one death to die, and I will die fighting for this cause. There will be no more peace in this land until slavery is done for. I will give them something else to do than to extend slave territory. I will carry the war into Africa."

43. It is said Governor Geary asked him to go.

44. The Governor of Missouri posted a reward of $3,000 for his capture.

45. The fort was built near the blacksmith shop of Snyder and was well planned. Here he studied and practiced military tactics. He talked of "my work, my duty and my mission," meaning the liberation of the slaves.

46. About nine o'clock on the morning of May 19, 1858, a Southerner named Hamilton crossed the Line with thirty-two men and, gathering up eleven men, took them to this ravine near Trading Post and shot them down. One fell with the volley, uninjured, and five others were revived. Hamilton tried to capture Snyder, the blacksmith, but was wounded and so successfully resisted he rode away. Shortly afterward, Snyder heard firing in the ravine.

This is the subject of "Old Brown's Parallels," written by himself, and also of a poem by Whittier.

47. Augustus Wattles who had worked in Lawrence for G. W. Brown, editor of the "Herald of Freedom," was living two miles north of Mound City and John Brown went there about the first of July, 1858, on his return to the Territory. Then under the name of Shubel Morgan he made his headquarters on the claim of Eli Snyder, one-half mile from the Missouri line and in the immediate vicinity of the scene of the Marais des Cygnes Massacre. Kagi and Tidd were with him during his stay and Gill and Whipple, or Stevens as he was called, joined him there.

John Brown was associated with Colonel James Montgomery and his famous "Jayhawkers," but they could not agree very long as Brown was too radical in his views.

December 19, 1858, Gill's story: "As I was scouting down the line I ran across a colored man, whose ostensible purpose was the selling of brooms. I found his name was Jim Daniels; that his wife, self and babies were to be sold at an administrators sale in the immediate future."

Gill took him to John Brown who, he said, was expecting or hoping God would provide him a basis of action and "He hailed this as Heaven sent."

48. From the cabins near Garnett to J. B. Abbott's, John Brown and Gill drove the ox-teams, "first through mud, then over frozen ground, their shoes all but falling apart and without a dollar in their pockets." When they reached Abbott's, Gill's feet were frozen as were also Brown's fingers, nose and ears. The slaves were taken to a stone barn on the Grover place.

49. Dr. John Doy started to conduct a party of free Negroes north, but was captured and put in jail at St. Joseph, Missouri and was sentenced to a five year term in the penitentiary. Ten men from the vicinity of Lawrence, led by James B. Abbott, rescued him from the jail.

50. Samuel Tappan, one of the rescuers of Branson (1855) loaned a wagon and team of horses and Eben Archibald went as driver. Abbott, and Grover contributed food.

51. Dr. Albert Fuller lived on Straight Creek, six miles north of Holton. The stream was too high to ford and a posse from Atchison was waiting on the farther side, so a messenger was sent to Topeka for help. Colonel John Ritchie headed the rescue party and as they had to walk all the way did not reach Fuller's until noon, Monday. They were given the captured horses so they could ride back to Topeka.

52. John Brown walked with his prisoners to show he would not impose any hardships on them that he would not share. When they camped that night he made the men take part in the prayers and Dr. Hereford of Atchison was forced, much to the amusement of the others, to repeat "Now I lay me down to sleep." However, Brown's prisoners parted with him next morning feeling respect for him and his ideals.

53. John Brown, "All we took has been held sacred to that object and ??? will be."

54. With untold hardships and dangers they made their way through Iowa until, on March 9th, they reached West Liberty and moved into Keith's steam-mill under a strong guard of white men. The next morning a train from Iowa City left a box-car and the colored people moved in. At eleven o'clock the Chicago train came along and the box-car left between the engine and express.

55. At 4:30 March 11, 1859, they reached Chicago and Brown, Steven and Kagi awakened Allan Pinkerton, the detective, who helped raise five or six hundred dollars for a car on the Michigan Central. The slaves left for Detroit, where they arrived March 12, and took a Ferry-boat for Windsor, Canada. The paw of the Lion protected them. They had traveled 1,100 miles in eighty-two days; 600 miles in covered wagons in the dead of winter.

56. The first man who died by the hand of the executioner for political crime in the U. S.

57. So perish all such enemies of Virginia! All such enemies of the Union! All such foes of the human race.

58. And so wherever there is battling against injustice and oppression the Charleston gallows that became a Cross will help men to live and die.

"Through Difficulties."

1. Lane was president of the Topeka Constitutional Convention and went to Washington to hasten its introduction into Congress. It was hastily written and it seems to have been the understanding that the wording of it should he changed. This Lane did, and copied the signatures of the signers. Douglas, in a scathing speech in the Senate, assailed Lane's character and motives and pronounced the Constitution a fraud. Lane challenged Douglas to fight a duel, but he refused, saying he would not meet him on the "field of honor" because Lane was not his equal in rank .

2. Though Robert J. Walker was born in Pennsylvania, he had long been a resident of Mississippi and had taken an active and prominent part in southern politics.

3. Governor Walker came to Lawrence May 26, 1857 and attended a temperance lecture at the Unitarian Church. He was asked to speak and said: "I recognize no right, but that of the majority, to decide the sectional questions which have disturbed the Territory... The people are the actual bona fide settlers, and none others shall be allowed the right of suffrage. This is guaranteed to you."

Frederick P. Stanton of Tennessee was appointed Secretary and reached Kansas a month before the Governor. He visited Lawrence April 24, 1857 and he and McLean had dinner at Dr. Robinson's house. They took supper that night at the Cincinnati House with prominent citizens present. It was here, in answer to some very pointed questions, he made the assertion "It shall be war to the knife, and the knife to the hilt."

4. At a Convention held August 26, 1857 at Grasshopper Falls Dr. Robinson said: "Men who are too conscientious and too honorable to change their tactics with a change of circumstances are too conscientious for politics."

5. John Calhoun was surveyor of Sangamon County, Illinois and, in 1833, hired Abraham Lincoln to assist him in his work near New Salem. He also ran for Governor of Illinois and for Congress, but was defeated. He was appointed surveyor-general of Kansas and threw in his lot with the pro-slavery party.

6. Secretary Stanton was acting governor and he knew if he called the newly elected Free-State legislature to convene he would be removed from office, but at last yielded to the pressure brought to bear. The Legislature assembled at Lecompton and then adjourned to Lawrence.

7. There were names of prominent men in the east such as Horace Greeley, James Buchanan and pages copied from the Cincinnati directory.

8. Senator Stephen A Douglas of Illinois was forced to speak against the Lecompton Constitution and the South never forgave him. He was nominated for the presidency in 1860 by the Northern Democrats, but the Southern Democrats nominated Breckenridge.

"To the Stars."

1. Secretary of War, John B. Floyd, was indicted by the grand jury of Washington, January 28, 1861, for defrauding the U. S. Government, in aiding the South to get possession of arms. He fled to Virginia. Howard Cobb, Secretary of Treasury, had also helped the secession movement at the expense of the United States Government and the president and others of the administration were believed to have been accessory to their acts.

2. "Old Sacramento," the cannon, was kept buried on the Bickerton farm.

3. Knowing the danger Lincoln was in, James H. Lane offered him a guard of Kansas men, but he refused. He narrowly escaped capture or assassination at Baltimore.

4. It was customary when a new state was admitted to the Union to add the Star to the flag and raise it for the first time on the following 4th of July. The people of Philadelphia took it upon themselves and had a new flag with the Kansas Star ready for Lincoln to raise after his address at Independence Hall.

"Into the Civil War."

With Kansas taking its place in the Union, its troubles were not ended, for the Civil War was at hand and provided an opportunity for the renewal of old feuds between people living near the Kansas-Missouri Border.

1. In population. The Census of 1860 gave Kansas a population of 143,643 of whom 34,242 were in the vicinity of Pike's Peak.

2. Kansas exceeded her quota by 3,433. There never was a man drafted nor ever any bounty offered in Kansas. Captain Samuel Walker of Lawrence tendered Governor Robinson a company of one hundred men five days after Ft. Sumter was fired upon.

3. The "Frontier Guard," composed of 180 men and commanded by Senator Lane, numbered many Kansans.

4. Lane offered to resign his seat in the U. S. Senate and take command of the Army in Kansas. At Fort Scott there were 4,000 poorly equipped Union soldiers, while the approaching Confederates under Generals Price, Raines and Slack numbered 18,000 men. Lane sent 380 men with one howitzer to meet Price's advance and so furious was their attack that they killed 72 men and the Confederates fell back. Colonel Moonlight was in command of this attack on the Confederate advance. With his small force he rode out on the prairie in front of the enemy and opened fire on the Confederate batteries. The first two shots had little effect and Moonlight sprang from his horse, wheeled the gun about and aimed it himself and fired. The shot struck a Confederate gun pouring out grape, dismounting it and turning it end over end several yards into the ranks marshaled behind. Soon the entire army retreated, Kansas was saved from invasion and the Union supplies at Fort Scott were saved. Quantrill was with the Confederates and afterwards talked of Colonel Moonlight's marksmanship.

5. Lane turned north to Kansas City to help defend Leavenworth if Price's army moved against it, but Price went to Lexington and captured Colonel Mulligan and 2,500 men, then retreated back to Arkansas. Lane's army followed on his left flank and Fremont advanced from the east. Osceola was burned Sept. 23, 1861. Missourians to this day are bitter against Lane for this act.

6. Quantrill had intended to make his raid on Lawrence about the 10th of August, but learning that the town was expecting him, and was prepared, he did not start.

7. A small detachment of soldiers had been sent to guard the town and relieve the citizens of sentry duty, but their services had been dispensed with.

8. The soldiers camped on the north side of the Kansas, or Kaw, River seem to have been a part of the company that had been on duty in Lawrence, but at the time of the "raid" it is said they were stationed there to protect the Delaware Indian lands.

"Quantrill's Raid:"

No story of Lawrence could be complete without "Quantrill's Raid." This was written at the request of Mrs. C. J. (Ida Walters) Saunders and she and her brother, Lincoln M. Walters, gave much information, especially that in regards to the capture of Larkin Skaggs. It was their father, Miles Walters, who, with the help of his neighbors, took Skaggs prisoner. Colonel Samuel Walker, while stationed with his regiment at Kansas City, learned that William C. Quantrill, the guerrilla leader, was the same person who had been in Lawrence two years before under the assumed name of Charley Hart.

1. Many times, that 21st day of August 1863, with threat or apology various members of Quantrill's band said they were "fiends from Hell."

2. Fletch Taylor was in Lawrence quite often during the summer of 1863. He had plenty of money and put up at the Eldridge Hotel where he posed as a business man and was well received by the people of Lawrence.

3. Colonel John D. Holt had been recruiting in Missouri for the Confederate army.

4. "They killed a fat ox and had dinner and prepared rations." Quantrill told his men they must divide the spoils of Lawrence with the people of Missouri who were ever willing to share their last biscuit with them

5. Captain Pike, at Aubry, had notified Lieut. Col. Clark of the appearance of Quantrill on Grand River four miles east of the Kansas line but did not notify him when they crossed the line. Captain Pike had also notified Capt. Coleman of Little Santa Fe and it was he who sent messengers to Westport and Kansas City and went south, himself, to engage in the pursuit. Captain Pike was a Lawrence man, one of the "Immortal Ten," and his loyalty was beyond question.

6. The Kansas Pacific, now Union Pacific Railroad, was first surveyed to run three miles north of Lawrence and it was Senator Lane who bluffed the Railroad officials into bringing it to North Lawrence.

7. The old pro-slavery town of Franklin was four miles southeast of Lawrence. Men could be seen strapped to their saddles and sleeping.

8. Rev. S. S. Snyder was Lieutenant of a Colored Regiment that was being organized. They found him in his cow-lot milking and shot him. He was the first man killed in Lawrence that day. At this stop orders were issued to all captains that women and children, negroes included, were to be spared. "Then Quantrill rose in his stirrups and dismissed them to overspread the city ending with the order 'Kill! kill!' and you will make no mistake!" Quoted from Gregg's Mss.??? Gregg was one of Quantrill's most trusted and capable officers.

9. The white recruits were uniformed but not armed. Their camp was south on New Hampshire Street. Seventeen bodies were found. Several boys escaped into a cornfield that adjoined the camp. Three hundred feet northeast of their camp was a camp of twenty colored recruits; they were not uniformed and most of them escaped.

10. "They were rated the best horsemen in America. With Colt's navy pistols in both hands and extra weapons in belts and holsters, with the bridle reins in their teeth or hung over the saddle-horns, they went at full speed down Massachusetts Street, Quantrill firing to the left and Gregg to the right were in the lead."

11. Pelathe, a young Shawnee, had ridden to Kansas City, with Capt. Coleman's messenger. "Theo. Bartles, a famous Red Leg, happened to be at headquarters and he raged that Lawrence had not been warned. He did not know the country north of the Kansas River so Pelathe offered to go. It was then eleven o'clock. Bartles took him to the Six Mole??? House two miles west of Quindaro and gave him a sorrel mare, a Kentucky thoroughbred, and he started on. He was dressed like an Indian but was well armed." He was in the pursuit all the next day and night and was across the Missouri line when White Turkey and his band found the Lawrence hack containing Bledsoe and two other wounded guerrillas. Samuel Boies??? of Lawrence was taken to drive the hack and his account of the retreat is valuable. Note: Red Legs were scouts organized by Gen. Ewing and Gen. Blunt for desperate service. There were about thirty of them but many thieves on the Border impersonated them so that the name "Red Leg" is looked upon as a term of reproach.

12. John M. Speer, a son of John Speer, the editor, and David Purinton??? were burned in the printing-office. William Speer, another son of the editor was shot and robbed by Larkin Skaggs. He asked a Ruffian to drag him away from a burning building and was shot again and killed.

13. Dr. J. F. Griswold's drug store was under the Eldridge Hotel. He lived on the corner of Indiana and Winthrop streets. Josiah Trask, Editor of the Journal, Professor and State Senator S. M. Thorpe, and H. W. Baker of the firm of Ridenour & Baker boarded with him. They were promised they would not be harmed if they surrendered quietly. When their wives, who saw them shot, went to them they found that Dr. Griswold and Mr. Trask had been killed instantly. Mr. Thorpe lived a few days and Mr. Baker was saved by skillful medical treatment.

14. Whether Quantrill ever collected any bounty for killing Lawrence men he certainly expected to.

15. This flag was presented to him by the ladies of Mexico City in appreciation of his just rule when he was provost-marshal of the City after its capture by American forces during the Mexican War. His sword, bought by officers and men of the 5th Regiment and costing eight hundred dollars, was presented in the House of Representatives at Indianapolis Jan. 8, 1849.

16. Rev. H. D. Fisher of the Methodist Episcopal Church was Chaplain and served with Lane in western Missouri. Negroes sought refuge near Union camps. "What shall we do with them?" Lane asked and Rev. Fisher said, "Send them to Kansas to help the women and children on the farms." Quoted from "The Gun and the Gospel" by Rev. H. D. Fisher, D. D.???-"When we reached Kansas I halted the command, drew them up in line, and raising myself to my full height on my war-horse commanded silence, and there under the open heavens, on the sacred soil of freedom, I in the name of the Constitution of the United States, the Declaration of Independence, and by the authority of General James H. Lane, I proclaimed that they were forever free." About thirty of the men were given arms, the first negroes armed during the rebellion. From "My Ninety-six Years in the Great West" by G. W. E. Griffith, "I remember at one time seeing a long line of Negroes entering Lawrence, some on foot, some in carriages and wagons drawn by mules and some riding mules. This was one of Fisher's caravans."

17. Mr. Fisher was under the floor of the house in what they called the "potato-hole." The only entrance to this hole was a trap-door concealed by a carpet. Mrs. Fisher communicated with her husband and let him know when to come out. He was rolled up in the carpet and the trap-door replaced. The roof and a shed were burnt but the brick walls of the house remained intact.

18. William Clark Quantrill came to Kansas in 1857 with some neighbors from Canal Dover, Ohio. He was twenty years old at the time. His father had died three years previously and the family was left in very straightened circumstances. There were three other children, two boys and a girl, all younger than William.

Quantrill was, undoubtedly, a kleptomaniac and had not been in Kansas long before his friends and benefactors found he was stealing from them-small articles, knives, blankets, provisions-things he had no personal use for. They drove him out and in the Spring of 1858 he joined a wagon-train taking supplies to the U. S. Army in Utah. He was seen at Fort Bridger where, under the name of Charley Hart, he was winning large sums of money in a gambling resort. He returned to Kansas in July 1859 and that winter taught a three-month term of school near Stanton. He was described as, "a good teacher, quiet and neat."

In the spring of 1860, Quantrill was staying with the Delaware Indians north of Lawrence. He rode about on a pony and loafed about the Ferry. In June 1860 he was seen to cross the Ferry and walk to the City Hotel, the old Whitney House, kept by Nathan Stone. He registered as Charley Hart but Mr. Stone showed another boarder, the name William C. Quantrill written in the back of the book and confided that it was the new boarder's real name and that he was a detective for the Delaware Indians. This boarder, named Wheeler, described Quantrill as "Five feet nine inches in height and weighing one hundred and fifty or sixty pounds, bow-legged, sandy hair, rather hooked nose and a peculiar droop to his eye lids. He wore corduroy pants tucked into boots, a slouch hat, and carried an oil-cloth grip."

One day a band of Indians rode into Lawrence and a crowd gathered about them. A young Delaware, named White Turkey, spoke pretty good English and he told the crowd that some of their ponies had been stolen and brought across the river near Lawrence and that Charley Hart was one of the men seen with the ponies. Quantrill came forward with a big bluff and told White Turkey that "that kind of talk did not go." He made a motion to draw his revolver but White Turkey whipped out his gun and had Quantrill covered before he could elevate the revolver. Quantrill backed away, with his gun pointing to the ground, and slipped around a corner and disappeared.

R. G. Elliott-"The kindness towards him of Mr. and Mrs. Stone during a slight illness, with the attractions of the young ladies of the family, awakened a grateful feeling that was not forgotten in his destruction of the town, but was repaid by protection of the house and all who took refuge in it." Quantrill had given Lydia Stone a diamond ring and it was this ring Larkin Skaggs took from her the day of the Raid and Quantrill made him return. And for this Skaggs came back when the other raiders had gone and started shooting the prisoners. Mr. Stone was killed.

Gregg's description of Quantrill the day of the Raid-"A spare man, a fine figure on horse-back. Mounted on a magnificent horse, a brown gelding taken from Buel??? at the battle of Independence, Missouri. Wore low-crowned, soft black hat with yellow or gold cord around the band, gray trousers stuffed into cavalry hoots, guerrilla shirt ornamented with fine needle work. Unshaven but without a beard. Four Colt navy pistols in belt and in holsters at saddle-bow, more weapons."

19. The "white house" was four miles south of Lawrence and belonged to William Meairs, one of the rescuers of Branson, and it is now owned by William Meairs, his son.

When the guerrillas came to the Meairs' place, the family was out milking and ran into a corn field. As the Ruffians left they started a fire in an attempt to burn the house but the family returned in time to put out the fire by??? throwing milk on it.

20. The little Methodist Episcopal Church stood near the center of the worst area of destruction and was used as a morgue at this time. The building was used as a residence for many years.

21. A minister of the Baptist Church and a member of a respected Kentucky family, Larkin M. Skaggs came to Missouri and settled near the Kansas Border. He soon became a typical bushwhacker and was conspicuous in raids against Free-State towns. At the time of the Lawrence Raid he was described as "a man of middle age, of athletic build, muscular and burly, with massive head and bushy, grizzled hair, rough, bearded face and grim features. His natural savagery, expressed in every lineament, excited by the scenes of the day, had also been stimulated by liquor."

22. Skaggs became confused and started back in the direction from which the guerrillas came into town.

23. Miles Walters was Captain of Militia and had also served in the Border War. He, with his neighbors, Thomas and John McFarland, Robert Peebles, and others, captured Skaggs and were bringing him to town. Walters was in personal charge of the prisoner and tried to protect him.

24. Little Beaver was with White Turkey's braves. He pulled the boots off of Skaggs' feet, tied them together and threw them across his saddle. "Catching hold of Skaggs' hair he made the motion of scalping and with the characteristic Indian expression 'Ugh, ugh,' mounted his pony and rode on."

White Turkey had shot at Skaggs with his bow and arrow. One arrow was sticking in the dead man's back and was so deeply embedded that the Indian had to put his foot on the body so he could pull it out.

That afternoon some colored men and boys found Skaggs' body and tied a long rope to it and dragged it behind a horse to a ravine where they tried to burn it.

25. Lieutenant John K. Rankin, who had spent the night at his uncle's house in the south part of town, heard shots in the direction of the recruits' camp and he and his cousin William Rankin ran out in time to see a boy from the camp pursued and shot by four horsemen. The Rankins asked no questions but opened fire at once, and in the exchange of shots two guerrillas were wounded. They turned their horses and rode away as fast as they could.

Lieutenant Rankin led twenty or thirty men in pursuit of Quantrill, and James H. Lane came in from west of town with twelve or fifteen farmers and at once started south on the guerrillas' trail. Major Plumb and Captain Coleman with small detachments of Federal soldiers met at Blue Jacket's Crossing near Franklin. They could mark the retreat by clouds of dust and the smoke of burning houses, so they recrossed the Wakarusa and went directly south and struck the Santa Fe Trail west of Baldwin causing Quantrill to turn south. The Lawrence men had caught up with the guerrillas at Brooklyn and driven them on saving the little town from the torch. Four or five miles south, at Fletcher's farm, Gregg, with Quantrill's rear guard, and the pursuers lined up for battle. Lane had put his followers under command of Rankin and Major Plumb was supposed to come to their support but his horses were so exhausted he could not get there in time and Rankin fell back and averted what must have proved a disaster. They had, however, delayed the retreat and Major Plumb, as ranking officer, took command for the rest of the day and continued the same tactics.

26. Scouts, probably the Indians, located Quantrill's camp in the woods about five miles north of Paola. Colonel C. S. Clark was then in command and he would not permit the force to leave Paola until after daylight, August 22. He was fifteen miles behind when Quantrill entered Missouri.

27. The three white men were scalped by the Indians before the soldiers had any idea of their intentions. After this certain white men of Quantrill's band made a practice of scalping their victims.

28. General Ewing was unjustly blamed, not only by Southern sympathizers but by Union men. In Ohio many Republicans would not support him for office because of "Order Number Eleven." And Bingham's famous painting will, for generations to come, subject??? him to censure for a war-time measure that was not only justifiable, but had been delayed too long.